Friday, August 27, 2010

DOUBLE DATA ENTRY USING EXCEL

Double Data Entry Using Excel



These tutorials briefly explain the use and interpretation of standard statistical analysis techniques. The examples include how-to instructions for Excel. Although there are different version of Excel in use, these should work about the same for most recent versions. They also assume that you have installed the Excel Analysis Pak which is free and comes with Excel (Go to Tools, Addins... if it is not already installed in your version of Excel.)

See www.stattutorials.com/EXCELDATA for files mentioned in this tutorial, © TexaSoft, 2008-2010.
Double Data Entry Example

The gold standard for professional data entry is to enter data not once, but twice. The two data sets are then compared, differences are examined and corrections are made. This is a “good practice” technique that will help you enter your data with fewer errors. An IBM programmer, Wilf Hey, coined a term in 1966; “Garbage in- Garbage out.” Don’t enter garbage data. If you want any analysis of your data to be valid, your data itself must be valid. Although there are specific program designed for data entry, the ubiquitous Excel provides many data analysts a quit and cheap alternative. If you choose to use Excel, at least do it correctly. This example shows you how.

To use the Excel double data entry method, create two identical blank data entry spreadsheets, with only the labels at the top of the column as shown in the figure below. For this example, the first worksheet will be in the tab Sheet1 and the second (identical sheet) in Sheet2. Preparing the spreadsheet for data entry is discussed in the referenced paper by Elliott et al (2007).

Double Data Entry1

Data should then be entered into the spreadsheets by two different people. If it is impossible to use two different people, at least enter the data at two different sessions. Data records must be entered in the same order, so in this example, each person (ID) should be entered in order on the rows starting with row number 2. An example spreadsheet (Sheet1) with data enterd is shown below.

Double Data Entry 2

For this example the following information is entered into Sheet2. You may notice that there are a few typos.



Double Data Entry 3



Once the data are entered into both spreadsheets, the procedure described here can be used to compare the two spreadsheets for differences.

If the two spreadsheets containing the entered data are not in the same worksheet file, copy the second spreadsheet and paste it into Sheet2 of the original worksheet. For this example to work, the spreadsheets must be in the same workbook, one in Sheet1 and the other in Sheet2.

To compare these two spreadsheets follow these steps:

1. If there is not already a Sheet3 tab at the bottom of your worksheet, insert a third worksheet (Sheet3) by right-clicking on the Sheet1 tab and selecting Insert. Name the spreadsheet Sheet3.
2. Copy the labels (row 1) from the Sheet1 worksheet to the Sheet3 worksheet.
3. In Sheet3 place the cursor in cell A2 and (carefully) enter the following Excel formula:

=IF(EXACT(SHEET1!A2,SHEET2!A2),0,SHEET1!A2&"/"&SHEET2!A2)



Briefly, this formula uses Excel’s “IF” statement to compare the entry in the first spreadsheet SHEET1!A2 to the entry in the second sheet SHEET2!A2 for an exact match. If the match is exact, the IF statement puts a 0 (zero) in the cell. If the two cells do not match, the SHEET1!A2&"/"&SHEET2!A2 statement puts the information from sheet1 followed by a slash and the information from sheet2 in the cell. You’ll see how this works as you continue the example…

* Copy the Excel formula to all cells to compare in your worksheets (in this case from A2 to F5). One method of copying this formula in Excel is to place the cursor in cell A2 and press CTRL-C (Copy). Then highlight the cells from A2 to F5 and press CTRL-V (Paste). This copies the formula to all of the specified cells. The “difference” spreadsheet (Sheet3) looks like the one illustrated below.



Double Data Entry 4


* Notice the cells in the difference spreadsheet. Cells containing a 0 indicate a match. If the values between the two spreadsheet do not match, the cell displays the actual data values from the two sheets displayed so that the differences are apparent. For example, the digits for AGE in cell B3 are reversed on the two sheets (32 versus 23). Notice in the date comparison in cell D4 that date codes (33429/33430) are displayed rather than actual dates. Since these numbers are one digit apart it means that the dates on Spread1 and Spread2 are one day apart. The original spreadsheet contains the date as July 10, 1974 and the other spreadsheet contains it as July 11, 1974.

Using the information in the difference spreadsheet, you should refer to your original data entry documents. You or an arbitrator must then decide which of the data entries are correct. Make corrections as needed. Once you have verified that the two spreadsheets are identical, all cells in the difference spreadsheet will display a 0.

Once your data is verified, you should have a data set with an improved level of accuracy than if it had been entered only once. This technique will, of course, not pick up errors that were written down on original documents, or if the same error in data entry was made in both spreadsheets. For further information on preparing data in Excel for data analysis, refer to Elliott (2007).



References

* English Dictionary. Retrieved July 18, 2005 from http://www.english-dictionary.us/meaning/wilf_hey.asp.
* Elliott, AC, Hynan LS, Reisch JS, Smith J (2007) “Preparing Data for Analysis using Microsoft Excel,” Journal of Investigative Medicine, pp 334-341.



An example Excel worksheet showing this technique is at www.stattutorials.com/EXCELDATA



End of tutorial

For more tutorials see http://www.stattutorials.com/EXCEL



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NEWS AND ARTICLE DIRECTORY

How to reduce printer ink wastage?
Posted by julimanther in August 20th 2010 No Comment

Every one of us knows that the Ink is expensive; bur few realize what is really expensive. Printer Ink is one of the most expensive things you can exchange one way to the office for the operation and other requires. It is used in homes, office, schools and more, and it is an important resource for busy people. It adds real costs, and demand is high. Let us face it; printer ink is now big business.

According to one survey, almost sixty percent of people in America are having more than one printer. However, there is a difference between Waukesha printer ink and Waukesha toner ink. Printer ink is a liquid that small drops are applied to paper for the pressure in the mold. Each time a nozzle, new supplied of printer ink is automatically fired drawn in his room so it is ready to return to the site is sprayed in a complex pattern of small dots.

This printer is distilled; de-ionized water with the pigment can be added for color. Interestingly, the Waukesha printer ink is black, the same mixture of three inks, cyan, magenta and yellow. And this printer ink is transparent to infrared light, and most of this acid-free. Well, you realize that is not waterproof and should be aware that to dry before being coated. Further more, the ink tends to fade the ink to more than the lowest quality. This particularly important to know when you are printing on photo paper. As for the high quality of ink is essential for obtaining images of the most brilliant and accurate and durable, use only the best quality ink.

Here one thing we need to remember that saving printer ink is more than buying the ink at the lowest price. When you are trying to purchase printer ink for your needs, you need to know what kind of ink for your printer is necessary. Ink quality is important for good results and function to provide critical real printer. Finally, there are some well established and experienced printer supplies are providing Waukesha printer ink, Waukesha Toner ink, Waukesha Computer Repair services to their clients.
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under: Hardware
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Negotiating Your Realtor’s Fees
Posted by karrierose in August 20th 2010 No Comment

With the economy still struggling to recover and many potential home buyers looking to find a way to buy a home, many people are investigating ways to save a little bit of money to make the home buying process more affordable. It is not unusual to hear people in the market who are looking to buy or sell a home wondering out loud about the rate of commission that real estate agents make on the buying and selling of homes. While this may seem like an ideal place to save a bit of money on your home, you should be aware of what your agent’s commission really buys.

Realtor commissions are technically a negotiable cost for home owners looking to sell or buy a home. However, this does not mean that you will get the same service if you demand that your agent takes less than the going rate in your area. In most areas, agent commissions cost the seller between 5 and 7% of the price of the home; if the home buyers have an agent, then both realtors split the commission. Realtors also pay their broker out of their commission; sometimes a payment to the tune of 40% of the commission check goes to the broker, in fact. Consequently, some realtors have a lot less room for negotiation in their commissions than you would assume.

All of the money that a realtor makes is included in their commission; they have to pay all of their bills out of their slice of commission, often including: office fees, advertising, gas, car leases, printing for flyers. An agent might not actually be making much more than minimum wage if the area that they work in has a depressed housing market, especially if their broker takes a large cut of the commission.

If do you ask your realtor to reduce their commission, make sure that you are upfront about it when you first hire an agent; this way they can decide if they want to work for you and earn less than they normally would. It is unfair to retain a realtor and get them to complete a lot of work for you and then ask them to cut their rate back after they’ve already provided you with a service. Don’t be surprised if an agent is less than thrilled to work for a reduced commission, particularly if houses aren’t selling well in your area. They may be willing to work for a reduced rate if you agree to a modified sales plan or if you hire the same agent to work as your buyer’s agent when it’s your turn to buy a home.
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under: Real Estate
Tags: Real Estate, real estate market, realtor comission, realtor fees
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Useful tips to repair your cell phones
Posted by jackerkeith in August 20th 2010 No Comment

On this beautiful day, I would like to take a moment and share few useful tips to repair your cell phones at your own. Last year, I purchased a new cell phone for my needs, last week our family went to a beach to celebrate birthday party.Unfortunately, my cell phone was dropped into water, and it stopped working. I shocked about this incident, because I have purchased this phone at high price, and again I need to invest more money to repair. One of my friends has told me that there are many websites in internet are offering useful tips to repair cell phones. So, started searching in internet, and at last I successfully got the tips.

Nowadays, cell phones are available everywhere in these technology days. These cell phones are playing an important role for a lot of people. When it comes to the communication point of view, most of the people prefer these electronic gadgets.Most of the people are unable to imagine that situation, when their cell phone is unable to working, and they have tried everything to do to fix it.Unfortunately, it was not solved. At this point, we need to find someone to do some cell phone repair for us.

There are many cell phone repair people are available for you. In most of the times, these technicians are using many tools and techniques that they can use when they do cell phone repair for us. The first one is cleaners; they are used to clean dirty pins in your cell phone. The next one is lamps; these are worn on the eyes while doing a cell phone repair so you can protect your eyes from any damage. The last one is phone open tools; these are used to open up your cell phone so that the repairs can be done, hence the name.
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under: Mobile Games
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Points to Consider when buying a rental property
Posted by William King in August 20th 2010 No Comment

Investing in rental properties is not as common as investing in stocks, mutual funds or gold. In spite of this, it is equally profitable (in fact more profitable most of the times) than all of these investment options. However, it is not as simple as going to the stock market and buying some stocks or bonds. It requires a significant amount of experience along with ample research and pondering, every time you are about to purchase a rental property. Sheer amount of money that one needs to invest in buying a property makes it a very risky investment, where slackness or negligence can set you off to lose your lifetime savings. While you can hire a real estate agent to assist you in buying the right property, you shouldn’t be following their recommendations blindly. You have got to acquire ample knowledge and understanding of the rental market before you commit your capital.

Analyzing the rental market:

How beneficial is a rental property without renters, who are ready to rent in? Quite obviously, a rental property lying vacant is of no use. Therefore, your best bet is to buy the rental property in a market where the demand is higher than supply. You can get the idea about the demand by comparing its prices from real estate markets in adjoining areas (high prices mean higher demand, while low prices mean the supply is somewhat higher than demand). Don’t get too much into your likes and dislikes, unless you are looking to move in at some point of time. You may prefer to live in a peaceful neighborhood, but normally tenants tend to live at busy places in close proximity of their offices or markets.

Research, Research, Research:

Research can be time consuming, tiresome or something that you don’t like doing a lot, however it is something worth doing, especially when you look at the setbacks and loses that you can avoid by just going through basic research work. Look for the vacancy rate, talk to other residents or tenants living in the neighborhood. Visit other real estate agents in the area and try to get their views on that particular property. Hire some home inspection service or go through the basic inspection yourself. Get hold of the data regarding prices/rents in the area and see the trend.

Paying the Right Price:

This is the most important part, if you are going to invest in real estate, you must be a very good negotiator. There are so many factors involved in the pricing that it’s quite hard to determine what the right price for a particular property is? If possible go for some appraisal service; however do not rely solely on appraiser’s advice.
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under: Real Estate
Tags: advice, Agent, buy, demand, market, price, Properties, Property, purchase, Real Estate, rental, research, supply, tenants
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Protect Your Computer from Cybercrime
Posted by Louise in August 20th 2010 No Comment

The computer virus business is a lucrative one for cyber criminals who make millions each year from unsuspecting computer users. In 2009 the Office for National Statistics released a report which said 18.31 million UK households had access to the internet. The potential for criminals to make money from these computer users is huge.

Not everyone is a computer expert and the cyber criminals play on this fact releasing computer viruses that will provide them access to your passwords and possibly your identity for their financial gain.

The most popular activity for British households on line is sending and receiving emails. This is what makes spam the distribution of computer viruses via email so popular. Computer viruses can spread through email attachments which automatically launch if you click on the file. Some viruses can be sent to everyone on your address book without you even doing anything. This is why it is so important to have antivirus software that protects your email.

Internet banking is also a very popular activity the fourth most popular online activity after researching goods and services and booking travel and accommodation. Internet banking is another popular way for cyber criminals to attack. They can use computer viruses to get your passwords so they can log into your banking account and transfer the funds.

With social networking growing as a popular way for British internet users to spend time online the cybercriminals are finding new ways to spread computer viruses through these channels. Good antivirus software will protect you and your family from any harmful software which tries to launch itself on your computer.
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under: Technology Stuff
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Business CRM Services For Canadian Companies
Posted by Quality45 in August 20th 2010 No Comment

“Quality Integrity” has now partnered with Microsoft CRM software, SalesLogix, Act and several others too offer business CRM solutions to its clients. At this time, the company is recommending, customizing, integrating, training, and supporting the best sales reporting and CRM solutions for many businesses across Canada.

Most businesses, big or small, now realize the importance of CRM or customer relationship management and what it can do to help them reduce risks, achieve their sales goals, manage their goals better, and serve their customers efficiently. This becomes possible, because by using the business CRM customized plan, timely information can be conveyed to the right people when they need it to drive sales and achieve marketing success. Hence, many businesses are turning to Quality Integrity. In fact, since 1986 and for more than two decades now, the company has served in excess of 7,000 clients.

The fact is that no two businesses can be the same, even if they are in the same niche. There cannot be ever one simple solution that can fit them all. Realizing this, Quality Integrity has created a design audit methodology, under which the company first understands the business of the client, analyzes it, and finally combines its business knowledge and in-house expertise to create a business CRM plan. Because of this scientific and methodical approach, it always works.

Another major reason why the plan always works is because of the customer-centric approach. Though CRM is about Customer Relationship Management, the fact is that there are far too many software products and plans that are not able to comprehensively address this issue. However, because of the customer-centric approach of Quality Integrity, businesses are able to increase accountability, better meet the requirements of clients, meet their goals, and hence build relationships seamlessly. It is a win-win situation for all stakeholders with a clear and concise plan that is measurable.

Though CRM is a methodology or a process that is applied to understand the needs of a customer, in the present day context, there is also a lot of application of human resources and technology. And, this is precisely where Quality Integrity’s association with Microsoft CRM software, SalesLogix, Act and others can help. Though today a lot of technology is involved in CRM, it would be a mistake to think only in terms of technology. Software application is a tool—there is also a lot of analysis involved and the company’s experience can help here too.
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under: Technology Stuff
Tags: business CRM, Microsoft CRM Software, Software
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Website Marketing – A Powerful Tool to Market Your Business
Posted by learnto180 in August 20th 2010 No Comment

The entire world has experienced a very bad time called as recession. As a result many people lost their jobs and few were forced to work for a low salary. The people who lost their job had the really bad time as they don’t have any other way to get earnings. Thus, it is always better to have your own business. When it comes to owning a business, you should know how to promote it too. If you have the business idea and finding an external resource to promote your business, LearnToPromoteYourBusiness.com can help you out.

Basically, advertising and marketing are the heart and soul of a business. Some of the tools that help you to grow your business are Search Engine Optimization, Web designing, Social Media Marketing, Data Recover, Viral Ad campaigns and Graphic designing for Logos, Business cards and Brochures.

If you have your own business, whether small or medium size, in order to promote it, you seek for advertising in news paper, television etc. Once you create a website for your own business, it is easy to promote it and expand your business. It is the Search Engine Optimization that plays a major role in this. Through this method, your website will be identified by the great search engines while provided backlinks. Thus it fetches you lots of traffic to your site and you get business orders as well.
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under: Technology Stuff
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Home Appraisals Under Increased Review
Posted by Gary Ashton in August 20th 2010 No Comment

For many home buyers looking to get through their inspections and on their way to closing, the appraisal usually feels like the last step in the process. But more often these days, appraisals are throwing a wrench into the home buying works.

Home appraisals may not be the easy and efficient endeavour that most home owners think of them as; home appraisals have always been an important step in the home buying process, but one that seemed pretty straight forward in the past. But, more and more often, mortgage lenders are requiring that home inspections get redone or reviewed.

There are a variety of reasons that lenders may require your new home to have its appraisal redone; many of these reasons have to do with the home buyer’s credit score or debt load. Other reasons why lenders may ask for a do-over appraisal is that there might be some question regarding the quality of renovation in a flipped home or previous foreclosure. Many circumstances can affect the value of a home.

Other reasons for a review of an appraised price can be due to the price of a home in relation to the other homes in the area. If enthusiastic buyers bid up the price of a home, the appraisal can come in much lower. If homes in an area have been increasing or decreasing quickly, sometimes the comparison sales in the area will not match up with the prices or current homes for sale. Be sure that if any homes in the area that you are looking to buy in seem priced inappropriately for the area, you ask your agent about it because that price could affect your appraisal as well.
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under: Real Estate
Tags: economy, home appraisals, home value, Real Estate, real estate market
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Why Brochure Promotional Printing Will Play Significant Role in Every Business
Posted by shelyronald in August 12th 2010 No Comment

If we want to survive in this heavy competitive field, we must need promotional printing. This promotional printing is one of the best, and it will play a significant role in promoting every business. So, everyone is realizing now the importance of printing material. As a small business owner, I realize just how time consuming and expensive it all can be, so printing seems to be at the bottom of the budgeting list, but it should not be. Using printing in business development can be a great way to gain a wider customer base, and printing can be the first step to any growing business.

Improving your business is something that everyone strives for, and printing can do this from a marketing and advertising perspective. The most popular and useful methods of printing used in the business world is brochure printing. This type of printing gives business the option of educating the reader as well as creating a wide customer base. One thing we need to remember that brochure printing needs to be a high quality. People will look at the printing of the brochure and see it as a direct reflection on your business, so it needs to be a superb printing quality.

The next one in promotional printing method is booklet printing. If you are considering about booklet printing for your business, then you will have a lot of decisions to make. Most of the business wants a booklet that is well designed and appealing to view, but many times, the improved product also has a higher price tag. If you are looking to do booklet printing on a budget, then there are some factors that you will want to consider when you do your booklet design. With the help of few smarts, you can make sure that your booklet printing project looks great without investing too much.
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under: Business and Finance
Tags: A1 posters, A2 posters, A3 posters, Booklet printing, brochure design, brochure printing, card printing, Digital printing, flyer designs, flyer printing, large format printing, offset printing, poster distribution, poster printing, vinyl banners
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London Fashion News Week – The Latest In Style, Beauty And Fashion
Posted by albertooliva in August 12th 2010 No Comment

London fashion week news is a fashion and beauty blog that focuses on style in the U.K. Here, you are privy to the latest fashion trends and news from top fashion design houses. You can also get information about upcoming designers who are making waves in the fashion circuit and read exclusive interviews with top fashion models, get more inside information about launch parties and new material. Ace fashion photographers who have shot for international magazines like Vogue, Elle, Pig Mag, Sleek, Dazed and Confused and DNA contribute to this blog.

The brain child of Paula.J.F.Hector, who is also the features editor, the blog is known for its innovative ways of bringing the latest happenings in the fashion world to those who are fashion conscious and wants to keep themselves updated on the issues concerning style and fashion. The content of the London Fashion Week news blog is unique and updated to the latest news on the fashion front.

The segment about London Fashion Week beauty designer features images of the Freyagushi collection by London based design house, Pinkindus, which is inspired by Haute Couture works of designers like Dior, Galliano and Alexander McQueen. You can locate your beauty stores designer, London fashion, with the help of the store locator guide.

The blog has original videos done exclusively for display on the blog site, one of which features the latest in military trends. The Renegade shows parts from ASOS, Topshop, River Island and some authentic military places. The latest about Fashion beauty clothes designer wear for women and men are available on this wonderful site, which also features fashion for men in an exclusive segment called Menswear.

If you are a manufacturer of fashion clothing, footwear, accessories, jewelry, cosmetics, grooming products and anything that is remotely connected with the fashion industry, then you can also be a sponsor. London Fashion Week News is a great place to create brand awareness about your products and reach out to more fashion crazy markets by enhancing your company website. You can rub shoulders with London stores designers, Gucci, Armani or new labels like Tahir Sultan and Fiongal Greenlaw.
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Saturday, August 14, 2010

mashroom project--- new hope

SHAHED Ahmed, an ambitious youth of Tongi, is desperate to change his life, but he is not interested in education but in business. So, he received training on mushroom cultivation when he was an HSC student and it paid dividends.

On completion of his training, Shahed gave up his study and paid full attention to mushroom fanning. First, he began on a limited scale and the profit was good. Gradually, he extended the circle. He made a profit of Tk 25,000 in just two months by investing Tk 50,000. The success encourages him to go further. Assisted by four employees, Shahed now also produces mushroom seed.

Ratna Islam of Savar has another success story in mushroom fanning. But once she was deadly opposed to taking mushroom considering it a fungus. When some of her neighbours began fanning mushroom after training in the adjacent Mushroom Development Project, she became interested and began the journey after training. She has been producing seed for quite a long time. Now, Ratna sells mushroom and its seed to her neighbours.

Although mushroom is a popular and nutritious food in many countries of the world, many in Bangladesh had long been ignoring this stuff considering it a fungus. But today this mushroom has become bread and butter of many people.

Actually, mushroom is a very nutritious, delicious and fully 'halal' vegetable having medicinal qualities. Though its acceptance once was limited to a handful of people, now there has been a gradual change in the impression.

Mushroom cultivation in Bangladesh began in 1979 with assistance from Japanese organisation JOCDV. Later, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JAICA) came up in 1987 with its assistance. Mushroom cultivation slowed down in 1990 following withdrawal of JAICA's support.

In 2003, the government introduced a Mushroom Development Project under Agriculture Extension Department for making mushroom popular among the people.

Different research works are being conducted under the project in addition to providing, training on mushroom cultivation.

Apart from Savar, this project has activities in Dinajpur, Jessore, Barisal, Chittagong, Sylhet, Comilla, Khulna, Mymensingh, Bandarban, Rangamati, Chapainawabganj and Rangpur for motivating people to cultivate mushroom.

Sheikh Ruhul Amin, director of the Mushroom Development Project, says currently 13 species of mushroom are cultivated in Bangladesh of which Wester Mushroom is produced commercially to a large extent. Mushroom fanning is in fact a very easy job. There is an opportunity to make good profit by investing a little amount of capital and labour. One can earn Tk 4-5 thousand a month by investing only Tk 10- 15 thousand.

Mushroom seed or spawn is produced through tissue culture, which is bought by farmers at a cost of Tk 6-10. To get the harvest from the seed, it has to be kept in a wet place and needs to be sprayed with water three times a day. Mushroom can be collected for over two months from each span, which will weigh about 200 grams. The farmers begin to harvest within next 8-10 days from the day of cultivation.

There are such advantages in mushroom cultivation that cannot be found in farming of other crops. Mushroom is a fungus-type colourless plant. As they are colourless, they do not need sunlight to survive or grow. Besides, mushroom cultivation does not require soil. Mushroom seed can be sowed using industrial waste like wooden dust and husk of wheat and rice. After production, these elements become fertiliser. There is no need of any insecticide or chemical fertiliser for mushroom farming. Given a suitable environment and proper nursing its cultivation is possible throughout the year. Electricity is not needed for mushroom cultivation.

A buyer can buy mushroom in three forms -- fresh, dry and powder. Mushroom generally stays fresh for a day. If refrigerated, it stays fresh for two three days. A kilogram of fresh mushroom sells at Tk 80-200, dry one at Tk 1000-1200 while the powder sells at Tk 1200-1500.

Mushroom food is prepared in different ways in different countries. The mushroom soup, fry and vegetable available in Chinese restaurants of our country are very delicious. Mushroom can be used with fish, meat and vegetables.

Mushroom is a highly nutritious vegetable. ST Chang, a professor emeritus of Biology at Chinese University of Hong Kong, and PG Miles, a US scientist, co-authored a book named, 'Edible Mushroom and their Cultivation. To them, the amount of protein in mushroom is double than other vegetables. So, it is called vegetable protein.

A recent article by mushroom researcher Prof SM Alam and Rizwan Manjur published in Pakistan's Dawn newspaper shows mushroom is identified as a good source of iron, copper, calcium, potassium, vitamin D and folic acid.

Mushroom has also been used for a long time as a medicinal plant. It works in preventing different diseases. After making antibiotic from fungus, fungus-type plants (mushroom) have been contributing wonderfully for the last 50 years in making medicine. Medicines like Penicillin, tetracycline, oriomycin etc., that are made from fungus have been used effectively against infection and infectious diseases.

Experts in a health-related website said edible mushrooms have multi-dimensional effects that help prevent different diseases. Special elements of some species of mushroom particularly work in preventing diseases like cancer, kidney problems, hepatitis, AIDS, asthma, diabetes, insomnia and tumor. Medicinal mushroom also plays a role in reducing cholesterol and ridding of mental exhaustions. It is learnt from an alternative medicine-related website that a mushroom called Reishi is being used in AIDS treatment.

On inventing medicine from mushroom in the 21st century, ST Chang says it can be said based on the research in the last two decades mushroom will be able to play a successful role in the future in those fields where modem medicine system will fail.

There is a huge prospect of mushroom cultivation in Bangladesh. It can play an important role in eradicating malnutrition, one of the main problems of the people, and preventing diseases. By mushroom cultivation, it is possible to alleviate poverty and providing employment for educated unemployed, youths, adolescents and women.

The amount of agricultural land is decreasing day by day. But the population is going up. So is the demand for food. As mushroom does not require soil and its food value is very high, the country's food deficit can be reduced to a great extent by extensive fanning of mushroom.

Mushroom has already been an important crop in developed countries. It is possible to earn foreign currency after meeting the domestic demand. The amount of money earned by exporting mushroom is very low at this moment.

There is a need for extensive publication in raising the acceptability of this vegetable. But, it is important to make mushroom acceptable so that people are not provided any exaggerated information about it. Mushroom, for instance, helps prevent diseases but the use of mushroom, as a preventive is not desirable because the issue of using mushroom as drug is still under research. So, a person having diseases against which mushroom creates resistance must undertake treatment for his diseases.

Like booming dairy and poultry industries, it is very much possible to transform mushroom into an industry. For that, eliminating adverse perception, mushroom will have to be made acceptable to the people. Besides, effective steps need to be taken for its marketing.

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